What effect does apical dominance have on tree growth?

Apical dominance refers to the phenomenon where the main central stem of the plant grows more robustly than the other side stems or branches. This is primarily due to the production of hormones, particularly auxins, that are synthesized in the apical bud (the growing tip of the plant). These hormones inhibit the growth of lateral buds, which are present on the sides of the plant. As a result, the tree will prioritize vertical growth through the main stem while limiting the growth of lateral branches. This strategy allows the plant to maximize light capture and utilize its resources effectively, leading to a more efficient growth structure.

While the other options mention important aspects of tree physiology and growth, they do not directly relate to the concept of apical dominance. For example, root development and disease resistance are not primarily influenced by the dominance of the apical bud; instead, they are controlled by other processes and factors in the tree's growth and health. Flowering, while potentially influenced by various hormonal factors, is not a direct outcome of apical dominance itself, as flowering can occur at a variety of points on a tree independent of the apical control. Thus, the restriction of lateral bud growth is the most accurate portrayal of the effect of apical dominance on tree growth